marginata covers France, England/Wales and Ireland, the whole of Germany except southern Bavaria and Saxony and extends north through Denmark to southern Sweden/Norway (Hoess 1999, Kime and Enghoff 2011: p. Its southernmost distribution is the south-eastern part of Spain alongside the southern border of the Pyrenees. Glomeris marginata is the only pill millipede reaching northern Europe. marginata is even more surprising considering the unusual wide distribution of the species ( Kime and Enghoff 2011). Recent genetic studies in congeneric pill millipedes allowed the detection of several synonymies as well as cryptic species, and clarified the taxonomic status of several Glomeris species (Hoess and Scholl 1999, 2001, Wesener 2015a, 2015b, Conrad and Wesener 2016). marginata for general studies of millipedes, and arthropod segmentation patterns in general, little to no taxonomic studies or population genetic studies of the species were conducted in recent decades. The same applies to the neurogenesis (Dove 2003).ĭespite the high importance of G. Additionally, the embryonic development, especially the embryonic development of the segmentation inside the Myriapoda, is currently nowhere as well known as in G. Recently, the embryonic expression of Wnt genes was studied for the first time in myriapods ( Janssen and Posnien 2014) in this species. The Black Pill Millipede is the only species of the Diplopoda in which gene expressions of different genes, including Hox genes, were widely researched (e.g., Prpic and Tautz 2003, Prpic 2005, Prpic et al. Glomeris marginata is commonly included in arthropod phylogenetic analyses (e.g., Regier 2001, 2005). The Black Pill Millipede was also the first myriapod species in which the pheromone producing postgonopodial glands were studied ( Juberthie-Jupeau 1967). 2006 for the role in species communities e.g., Dunger and Steinmetzger 1981 and Voigtländer 2011). 1966, Van der Drift 1975, David and Gillon 2002, Rawlins et al. The ecology of the species was also the subject of numerous studies (for single aspects e.g., Nicholson et al.
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The unusual mating behaviour of pill millipedes (involving the sperm ejaculation on a piece of soil before the transfer to the female) was studied extensively in the Black Pill Millipede (e.g., Haacker 1964). Glomeris marginata is the only millipede species in which the embryonic and postembryonic development is thoroughly known ( Dohle 1964, Juberthie-Jupeau 1967, Enghoff et al. marginata was the only animal species known to sequester quinazolinone alkaloids. 1967, Schildknecht and Wenneis 1967, Carrell 1984). marginata were conducted by several authors ( Meinwald et al. 1966), further studies on the defensive secretions of G. 1996, Makarov 2015).Īfter discovering a new chemical compound in G. Additionally, numerous studies on the chemical composition of the integument of millipedes are based on G. 2015), the Malpighian tubule system ( Johnson and Riegel 1977a, 1977b), the postgonopodial glands ( Juberthie-Jupeau 1978) and sensorial system ( Sahli 1966, Seifert 1966, Müller and Sombke 2015). Studies include muscle supercontraction ( Candia Carnevali and Valvassori 1982), the digestive tract ( Schlüter 1980, Martin and Kirkham 1989), the tracheal system ( Verhoeff 1895, Wernitzsch 1910, Hilken 1998, Hilken et al. The Black Pill Millipede is morphologically the best studied species of the millipedes (see examples in Koch 2015). marginata ( Glomerida, Glomeridae) has become a model organism of the Diplopoda.
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In recent decades the Black Pill Millipede, G.